(6)  Goodwill and Intangible Assets

During 2012, we tested goodwill for impairment in the third quarter and at our October 1 annual testing date. The first step of our interim testing performed during the third quarter indicated a potential impairment in goodwill. We performed the second step and recorded a goodwill impairment charge for ICRC of $2.4 million during the third quarter of 2012.  The outcome of the test for ICRC was impacted primarily by the May 31, 2012 contract expiration of the Port of Anchorage Intermodal Expansion Project contract in Alaska. Akimeka's goodwill was not impaired. During the step two allocation of the fair values to assets and liabilities of ICRC and Akimeka, we determined the carrying values of the contract-related intangible assets of ICRC and Akimeka and the trade name of ICRC were impaired.  As a result, we recorded an impairment charge of approximately $1.1 million related to the contract-related intangible assets of ICRC and Akimeka and $420 thousand related to the trade name ICRC.

The results of our annual impairment testing indicated that the fair value of our reporting units exceeded their carrying values as of October 1, 2012.

As a result of the decision made in December 2012 to divest ICRC, we determined the fair value of ICRC's goodwill and intangible assets based on an expected sales price as compared to our estimation of the net assets to be sold at closing less costs to sell and, as such, recorded an additional goodwill impairment charge of approximately $3.6 million, contract and customer-related intangible asset impairment charge of $333 thousand, and trade name intangible asset impairment charge of $1.1 million during the fourth quarter of 2012.  Accumulated goodwill impairment as of December 31, 2012 was approximately $6 million which is included in loss from discontinued operations, net of tax, on the Consolidated Statements of Income. Accumulated intangible asset impairments as of December 31, 2012 for ICRC of approximately $1.9 million are included in loss from discontinued operations, net of tax and for Akimeka are included in impairment of goodwill and intangible assets on our Consolidated Statements of Income.  Goodwill and intangible assets annual and interim valuations are based on unobservable inputs and as such, are considered level 3 fair value measurements.

Due to our decision to abandon our ICRC operations in the fourth quarter of 2013, we wrote-off ICRC's remaining goodwill. The loss from discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2013 includes a write-off of $790 thousand for ICRC goodwill.

Intangible assets consist of the value of contract-related assets, technologies and trade names acquired in the acquisitions of ICRC, G&B, Akimeka and WBI. The impairment charges recorded in 2012 reduced the value of the ICRC trade name to zero at December 31, 2012.  The G&B trade name is being amortized over two years beginning in 2012. The trade names acquired in the Akimeka and WBI acquisitions are being amortized over nine years. Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 was approximately $10.2 million, $11.2 million and $7.9 million, respectively.